Full Stack Developer 路 Intern to senior
Full stack interviews sample both sides: a question about React state, then one about SQL indexes or API design. Interviewers look for breadth plus a few areas where you go deep.
158 questions
Middleware are functions that receive the request, response and a next callback; they run in the order they are registered and can modify the request, end the response or pass control on with next().
UNION combines two result sets and removes duplicate rows, while UNION ALL combines them and keeps every row, which makes it faster.
A const is a compile-time constant that must be assigned where it is declared, while a readonly field can be assigned at declaration or in the constructor, so its value can be decided at runtime.
Both pass an argument by reference, but ref requires the variable to be initialised before the call, while out requires the method to assign a value before it returns.
Vertical scaling means giving one machine more CPU, memory or disk, while horizontal scaling means adding more machines and spreading the load across them.
Volumes are storage managed by Docker that lives outside a container鈥檚 writable layer, so data such as database files survives when the container is removed or replaced.
The test pyramid is a guideline to have many fast unit tests at the base, fewer integration tests in the middle and only a small number of slow end-to-end tests at the top, so the suite stays fast and reliable.
Walk through the array once while storing each number鈥檚 index in a hash map; for every number, check whether target minus that number is already in the map. This runs in O(n) time and O(n) space.
A closure is a function that keeps access to the variables of the scope where it was created, even after that outer function has finished running.
this is decided by how a function is called, not where it is written: as a method it is the object before the dot, with new it is the new object, and arrow functions inherit it from the enclosing scope.
async/await is syntax built on top of promises that lets you write asynchronous code that reads like synchronous code; under the hood every async function returns a promise.
Event delegation means attaching one listener to a parent element and using event bubbling to handle events from its children, instead of adding a listener to each child.
useEffect runs a function after the component renders; the dependency array tells React when to re-run it: with no array it runs after every render, with an empty array only after the first, and with values only when those values change.
A controlled component keeps the input's value in React state and updates it through onChange, while an uncontrolled component lets the DOM hold the value and you read it with a ref when needed.
Prop drilling is passing props through several layers of components that do not use them just to reach a deeply nested child; you avoid it with composition, the Context API or a state management library.
Relative offsets an element from its normal place; absolute positions it against the nearest positioned ancestor; fixed is against the viewport; sticky sits in normal flow until a scroll threshold, then sticks.
Flexbox is one-dimensional (a row or a column). CSS Grid is two-dimensional (rows and columns at once). Use Flexbox for alignment along a line; use Grid when the layout is a real 2D structure.
Specificity is the score the browser uses to decide which rule wins: inline styles beat IDs, IDs beat classes/attributes/pseudo-classes, and those beat elements. When scores tie, the last rule in the source wins.
any turns off checking. unknown is a type-safe any: you must narrow it before use. never means a value cannot exist, used for exhaustive checks and functions that always throw.
Generics are type parameters: they let a function, class or type work with many types while keeping the relationship between inputs and outputs, instead of falling back to any.