A list is mutable and can be changed after creation, while a tuple is immutable; tuples are slightly faster, use less memory and can be used as dictionary keys when their items are hashable.
Walk through the array once while storing each number鈥檚 index in a hash map; for every number, check whether target minus that number is already in the map. This runs in O(n) time and O(n) space.
ArrayList is backed by a resizable array with O(1) index access and O(n) insertion in the middle, while LinkedList is a doubly linked list with O(n) index access and O(1) insertion once you hold the node; in practice ArrayList is faster for most workloads.
A shallow copy creates a new container but reuses the same nested objects, while a deep copy recursively copies everything so the new object is fully independent.
A HashMap stores entries in an array of buckets; it computes the key's hash code to choose a bucket, resolves collisions with a linked list that becomes a red-black tree when a bucket grows large, and resizes when the load factor of 0.75 is exceeded.
HashMap is not thread-safe, Hashtable is thread-safe by locking the whole map on every method, and ConcurrentHashMap is thread-safe with much finer-grained locking and lock-free reads, so it scales far better.